The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine has been awarded to Dr. John M. O’Keefe,
Dr. May-Britt Moser and Dr. Edvard I.
Moser for their discoveries of nerve cells in
the brain that enable a sense of place and
navigation. These discoveries are ground
breaking and provide insights into how
mental functions are represented in the
brain and how the brain can compute
complex cognitive functions and behaviour.
An internal map of the environment and a
sense of place are needed for recognizing
and remembering our environment and for
navigation. This navigational ability, which
requires integration of multi-modal sensory
information, movement execution and
memory capacities, is one of the most
complex of brain functions.
The work of the
2014 Laureates has radically altered our
understanding of these functions.
John O’Keefe discovered place cells in the
hippocampus that signal position and
provide the brain with spatial memory
capacity.
May-Britt Moser and Edvard I.
Moser discovered in the medial entorhinal
cortex, a region of the brain next to
hippocampus, grid cells that provide the
brain with an internal coordinate system
essential for navigation.
Together, the
hippocampal place cells and the entorhinal
grid cells form interconnected nerve cell
networks that are critical for the
computation of spatial maps and
navigational tasks.
The work by John
O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser
has dramatically changed our
understanding of how fundamental
cognitive functions are performed by neural
circuits in the brain and shed new light onto
how spatial memory might be created.
SOURCE :http://www.nobelprize.org/
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