The reality of mental image

The reality of mental image 

Never doubt the reality of mental image .That is most dangerous,for the mind
 always tries to complete what it pictures.So always pictures success no 
matter how badly things seem to be going at the moment.
 NORMAN VINCENT PEALE (IN THE BOOK--THE POWER OF POSITIVE THINKING)

The lying down adrenal sign

The lying down adrenal sign

Q.All are true regarding The lying down adrenal sign except
a.noted in  renal agenesis
b.elongated and flattened adrenal gland
c.noted in renal ectopia
d. associated with horse-shoe kidney


Ans ===d.

• The lying adrenal sign is usually seen with renal agenesis . It is an important antenatal sonographic sign. 
• On an antenatal ultrasound scan, the adrenal of the affected side appears flattened and elongated due to absence of the kidney. 

• The term lying down adrenal sign has been ascribed to the elongated appearance of the adrenal not normally molded by the adjacent kidney.
• Sometimes a flat adrenal is seen  with renal ectopia 

DEVELOPMENTAL DATA RELATED TO GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

USEFUL DEVELOPMENTAL  DATA RELATED TO GENITOURINARY SYSTEM 

• Urine is first produced by the kidneys during the 9th week of embryonic life .
• Fetal urinary bladder lies between the umblical arteries within the fetal pelvis.
• During the 2nd and 3rd trimester ,the urinary bladder empty and refill every 25-30 minutes.
• The fetal kidney can be  demonstrated at approx. 11weeks transvaginally and at 12 weeks on transabdominal scan.
• The CMD should always be demonstrated  in fetus older than 18weeks
• As a simple rule ,renal growth is 1.1mm/gestational week.
• After 14 weeks two-thirds of  normal amniotic fluid is produced by fetal urination and one third from pulmonary fluid.