DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHRON /KIDNEY

DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHRON  /KIDNEY

• The genitourinary system develop from intemediate mesoderm.
• The human embryos develop three sets of excretory organs or kidney system  during intrauterine life--1.the pronephros 2.the mesonephros and 3.the metanephros.
• The pronephros  is seen in the 3rd week of development and completely degenerates by the start of the 5th week.
• The mesonephros  regresses by the 4th month,howerever it serves as an excretory organ for the embryo while the definitive kidney begins its development.
• The definitive kidney ,metanephros begins as diverticulum(metenephric diverticulum/ureteric bud) from the mesonephros in the sacral region of  embryo.
• The metanephric diverticulum/ureteric bud comes in contact with and penetrates the metanephric mesoderm at approximately the 28th day.
• THE GOMERULUS,PROXIMAL TUBULE ,LOOP OF HENLE AND DISTAL TUBULE  DEVELOPS FROM THE METANEPHRIC MESODERM .
• THE COLLECTING  SYSTEM CONSISTING OF COLLECTING DUCTS ,CALICES ,PELVIS AND URETER DEVELOPS FROM THE METANEPHRIC DIVERTICULUM /URETERIC BUD

www.med.umich.edu

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM)

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM)

• Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) provides a novel contrast mechanism in Magnetic Resonance
•  Imaging (MRI) different from traditionalSusceptibility Weighted Imaging. QSM enables the investigation of tissue magnetic susceptibility in a quantitaive and specific manner using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

• QSM is a software for image reconstruction that can be seamlessly integrated into clinical practice.

• The voxel intensity in QSM is linearly proportional to the underlying tissue apparent magnetic susceptibility,

• QSM is useful for chemical identification and quantification of specific biomarkers including iron, calcium, gadolinium, and super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nano-particles. 

• QSM utilizes phase images, solves the magnetic field to susceptibility source inverse problem, and generates a three dimensionalsusceptibility distribution.

• Due to its quantitative nature and sensitivity to certain kinds of material, potential QSM applications include standardized quantitative stratification of cerebral microbleeds and neurodegenerative disease, accurate gadolinium quantification in contrast enhanced MRI, and direct monitoring of targeted theranostic drug biodistribution in nanomedicine.

• According to  the researchers from the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario, Canada.QSM could prove "an important tool for diagnosing and tracking the progression of MULTIPLE SLEROSIS (MS) and other neurological diseases,"
•  The power of the new imaging approach QSM  is in quantifying nerve changes and separating the white matter degeneration observed in MS (myelin damage, which affects nerve insulation) from iron deposition.
• QSM has  the ability to track the neurodegenerative changes over time, which could lead to future diagnostic tools to monitor patients' MS disease progression.

Radiographic mottle

Radiographic mottle 

Q.True regarding radiographic mottle 

a.--structure mottle is due to defect in intensifying screen

b.---structure mottle is of no importance due to good quality control in manufacturing of screen

c.---quantum mottle is the only important cause of radiographic mottle

d.--quantum mottle  is due to statistical fluctuation in beam of x ray photons

e.---quantum mottle will be greater with low kVp

ANS ---.abcd----Quantum mottle will be greater with high  kVp

  x rays because they produce a higher screen intensification factor.

 [Chapter 14,Page 202-3,  4^th edition ,1990  reprinted 2010 , Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic radiology].

Photographic density

 Photographic density 

Q.True regarding photographic density is /are

a.--photographic density refers to log of light incident on a film to light transmitted by the film
b.--opacity refers to abilty of the film to transmit light 
c---.transmittance is equal to the reciprocal of density and measure the ability of the film to stop light 
d--.useful densities in diagnostic radiology range from about 0.3 to 2
e.---a film of density 2 appears dark on viewbox


ANS---.ade-----Photographic density refers to log of light incident on a film to light transmitted by the film.Opacity refers to the ability of the film to stop light .Transmittance is equal to the reciprocal of density and measures abilty  of the film to transmit light.[Chapter 11,Page 149,  4^th edition ,1990  reprinted 2010 , Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic radiology].

Consequences of our actions l

Where the consequences of our actions lie?

-----that often there are powers greater than yours who dictate the consequences of your work .--------there are areas that i cannot influence .I can certainly do my work to the best ant to the most of my abilities,as finally that is all that remains in one's hands.And who knows just where the consequences of our actions lie?

(FAILURE OF PROJECT NANDI BROUGHT APJ ABDUL KALAM IN CONTACT WITH DR VIKRAM SARABHAI  AND IN INCOSPAR AND ISRO----AND---REST IS HISTORY)

                                                                         APJ ABDUL KALAM (IN HIS BOOK MY JOURNEY)

ACHONDROPLASIA

Q. Proximal limb shortening (rhizomelic) is noted in

a.achondroplasia

b.Leri-Weil disease

c.Ellis-von Creveld syndrome

d.Jeune syndrome

ANS  ----a---  achondroplasia

ACHONDROPLASIA

	Clinical features	Radiological features
	Common	‘Bullet-shaped’ vertebral bodies
	Short limbs, short trunk	Decrease in interpedicular distance in lumbar spine caudally
	Narrow thorax with respiratory distress in infancy
	Bowed legs	Short vertebral pedicles
	Prominent forehead with depressed nasal bridge	Posterior vertebral body scalloping
	Hydrocephalus and brainstem and spinal cord compression	Squared iliac wings with small sciatic notch
		Flat acetabular roofs
	Inheritance: autosomal dominant	Short ribs
		Short wide tubular bones
		Relative overgrowth of fibula
		Large skull vault, relatively short base
		Small foramen magnum
		Dilatation of lateral cerebral ventricles
		V-shaped notches in growth plates (chevron deformity)

library.thinkquest.org 

REF 

Adam: Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology, 5th ed.

ELEVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM

                    ELEVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM

• In most people the diaphragm in the mid lung field lies at the level of the fifth or sixth anterior rib interspace

• CAUSES OF BILATERAL SYMMETRICAL ELEVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM

Supine position

Poor inspiration

Obesity

Pregnancy

Abdominal distension (ascites, intestinal obstruction, abdominal mass)

Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis

Lymphangitis carcinomatosa

Disseminated lupus erythematosus

Bilateral basal pulmonary emboli

Painful conditions (after abdominal surgery)

Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis

• CAUSES OF UNILATERAL ELEVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM

Posture—lateral decubitus position (dependent side)

Gaseous distension of stomach or colon

Dorsal scoliosis

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Pulmonary collapse

Phrenic nerve palsy

Eventration

Pneumonia or pleurisy

Pulmonary thromboembolism

rib fracture and other painful conditions

Subphrenic infection

Subphrenic mass

REF:

Adam: Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology, 5th ed.

Surrender

Surrender yourself to the wish of God 

Accept your destiny and go ahead with your life.You are not destined to become an air force pilot. What you are destined to become  is not revealed now but is predetermined .Forget this failure ,as it was essential to lead you to your destined path.Search instead ,for the true purpose of your exixtence ---Surrender yourself to the wish of God .

(Comment of Swami Sivanand  of Rishikesh when APJ ABDUL KALAM visited his Ashram after his failure in interview  for an air force pilot  at Dehradun )

                                                                                APJ ABDUL KALAM (IN HIS BOOK MY JOURNEY )